The environmental management

The environmental management Environmental Management is a very important component of sustainable living. The interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary nature of Environmental Management enables it to solve the complex environmental problems (pollution, erosion, flooding, deforestation, desertification, just to name but a few) that essentially characterize our landscape at the local regional and global scale. To better understand these problems, the discipline draws on a wealth of expertise in both concepts and approaches from the natural or physical and social sciences to develop this interdisciplinary. This essay seeks to explore the nature of environmental management and in particular, attention is drawn on the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinarity of environmental management. The environmental problems we face today are many and varied. From pollution, erosion, flooding, deforestation, desertification, to climate change- all present themselves in very practical terms and as such environmental management is more important than ever before. However, the field has been the subject of wide criticism. For instance Bryant and Wilson (1998) criticized the field as a result of the limitations in the understanding of root causes-political, economic or cultural issues. There is no generally acceptable definition of the subject environmental management. This is partly due to its broad scope and in part of the diversity of specialism (Barrow, 1999). However, attempts have been made by several authors to define environmental management. For example, Riordan (1995); Barrow (1999); Wilson and Bryant (1997); Bryant and Geoff (2009), have all made substantial effort to define Environmental Management. Environmental management has been defined as both a process and a field of study (Wilson and Bryant 1997). In his book, Barrow (1999 p. 5) presented an overview of some definitions of Environmental Management. Like Environmental Management, definitions and interpretations of interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity abound in literature. For instance, Klein, 2004; Tress and Tress, 2001; Tress et al., 2005; Jones and Macdonald, 2007; Evans and Randalls, 2008; and Wesselink, 2009. In its simplest sense interdisciplinarity is an integrative research approach that transects many disciplinary boundaries with a common goal and the aim of production of new knowledge and theory (Tress et al., 2005). As a process, Environmental Management, according to (Wilson and Bryant, 1997 p.7) can be defined   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"as a multi-layered process associated with the interaction of state and non-state environmental managers with the environment and with each other. Environmental Managers are those whose livelihood is primarily dependent on the application of skill in the active and self conscious, direct or indirect, manipulation of the environment with the aim of enhancing predictability in a context of social and environmental uncertainty. † While the term state will include state officials such as Department of the Environment, DoE, and Department of Environment Food and Rural Agriculture, DEFRA, just to name a few, non-state, on the other hand includes environmental NGOs, farmers, transnational corporations(TNCs), hunter-gatherers. In this light, environmental management is a process not exclusive only to large national and international environmental actors but inclusive to a range of predominantly local level environmental actors (Wilson and Bryant, 1997). On the other hand, Environmental management, as a field of study, evolved with the growing concern about environmental degradation in the late 1960s and early 1970 (Bryant and Geoff, 2009; Wilson and Bryant, 1997) after post industrialization. According to Barrow (2006: 24-26) Environmental Management as a field can be subdivided into the following: â€Å"sustainable development issues; environmental assessment, modeling, forecasting and hindcasting;corporate environmental management; pollution recognition and control; environmental economics;environmental enforcement and legislation; environment and development institutions and ethics; environmental management systems and quality issues; environmental planning and management; assessment of stakeholders involved in environmental management; environmental perceptions and education; community participation for environmental management/sustainability; institution building for environmental management/sustainable development; biodiversity conservation; natural resources management; environmental rehabilitation/restoration; environmental politics; environmental aid and institution building†. While the list is not exhaustive, partly because Environmental Management is relatively a nascent discipline (Barrow, 2006) and is still evolving, its broad scope is readily appreciated at a glance, as it tends to techno-centric problem solving approach rather than reactive approach. Table 1 highlights some distinguishing features of traditional environmental management as it were during its early evolution and at present. Referring to interdisciplinarity, the interdisciplinary nature of environmental management is more than just integration. It is essentially a modern way of thinking that involves identification, definition as well as interpretation of studies with the view of proffering practical oriented solutions to environmental problems (ORiordan, 1995). Again, Transdisciplinary studies according to Tress et al. (2005) involves the integration of both academic and non-academic participant (stakeholders) to research a common goal with the creation of new knowledge and theory. It is explicit from the definitions above that interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity are both integrative, in that new knowledge and theory is created. However, a distinguishing element is that transdisciplinary research combines interdisciplinarity with a participatory approach (Tress et al., 2005) Traditional Environmental Management Modern Environmental Management Largely top-down approach Bottom-up approach Management was authoritarian participatory and much more integrative Short term plan Long term plan and therefore sustainable Exploitational in approach Emphasizes stewardship rather than exploitation. Tends to be reactive Tends to be proactive and participatory Disciplinary, at best multidisciplinary Interdisciplinary, or even holistic in approach State centric Non state factors involved in the process of EM Influence of natural science discipline Shift from the natural science to social science Tress and Tress (2001) introduced a transdisciplinary landscape concept. The transdisciplinary landscape concept, according to Tress and Tress (2001) is based on five dimensions: the spatial entity, the mental entity, the temporal dimension, the nexus of nature and culture, and the systemic properties of landscape. The significance of collaboration in interdisciplinary and trandisciplinary research in the understanding of human-environment interaction cannot be overemphasized. Although environmental management takes its root from the natural science, however there seems to be a shift from the natural science to social science (Bryant and Wilson, 1998). Figure 1 as shown in the appendix depicts the profound influence from the social sciences and again, in the words of Wilsons and Bryant (1997, p 17) Environmental Management operates at the intersection of a range of disciplines and subdisciplines. From the foregoing, It is obvious that Environmental Management is increasingly becoming interdisciplinary and applying a great deal of transdisciplinarity approaches. For example, Wesselink (2008) and Potschin and Haines-Young (2005) have emphasized the importance of applying transdisciplinarity in their studies of land use planning and landscape ecology respectively.. While the environmental problems we face today are many and varied both in scope and complexity, no one discipline can effectively provide the knowledge adequate enough to fully understand nor solve them (Tress and Tress, 2001). Modern approaches of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinarity in Environmental Management can be a panacea of all local to global environmental ills. This notwithstanding, more powerful and robust tools are needed for dealing with the problems of scaling and uncertainty which are crucial in the human-environment interaction at all scale. It is the position of this essay, therefore, that while the search for a strong and robust tools continues in order to mitigate, control and prevent environmental problems, active consultation and collaboration with local communities is a necessary ingredient for sustainable solution. References Barrow, C. J 1999. Environmental Management: Principles and Practice. Routledge, London. Barrow, C. J. 2006. Environmental Management for Sustainable Development. 2nd edition. Routledge, London. Bryant R.L and Wilson G.A 1998. Rethinking Environmental Management. Progress in Human Geography 22(3) pp 321-343 Evans, J. and Randalls, S. 2008 Geography and Paratactical Interdisciplinarity: Views from the ESRC-NERC PhD studentship programme. Geoforum 39 pp 581-592 Jones, P. and Macdonald, N. 2007. Getting it wrong first time: building on interdisciplinary research relationship. Area 39(4) pp 490-498. ORiordan, T. ed 1995 Environmental Science for Environmental Management Longman Scientific Technical, England. Potschin, M and Haines-Young, R. 2006. Rio+10, Sustainability Science and Landscape Ecology. Landscape and urban planning. 75, 162-74. Phillipson, J. and Lowe, P. 2009 Barriers to Research Collaboration across disciplines: scientific paradigms and institutional practices. Environment and Planning 41, pp 1171-1184 Klein, J. T. 2004 Prospects for Transdisciplinarity. Futures 36 pp 515-526 Tress, B and Tress, G 2001 Capitalising on Multiplicity: A Transdisciplinary Systems Approach to Landscape Research. Landscape and Urban Planning 57, pp 143-157 Tress, B., Tress, G.,Fry, G. and Opdam, P. 2005 eds. From Landscape Research to Landscape Planning: Aspects of Integration, Education and Application. Springer, Netherland. Wesselink, A 2009. The Emergence of interdisciplinary Knowledge in Problem-focussed Research. Area 41 (4) pp. 404-413. Wilson, G. A and Bryant, R.L 1997. Environmental Management: New Directions fot the Twenty-First Century.UCL, London

Compare the Function of Formats and Locations in Retailing Essay

We printed two different job application forms, job descriptions and person specification for Nando’s and Topman we then compared the forms and found some similarities and some differences to them. Topman and Nandos application form Differences: They were set up very differently Topman had a variety of rhetorical questions which underneath it, they were answered for you whereas Nandos did not use any rhetorical questions just information about the restaurant. Nandos have added a bit of colour to their form whereas Topman have not. Topman’s application form was much more detailed as it tells you how to apply, there top level supervisors, visual merchandising assistants etc†¦ In contrast to Nandos which does not include all these points and facts about their business. Comparisons: both application forms give information about the business such as what will be expected from you when you start working there and what you will learn from the job. Person specification Differences: Again on the Person specification form a lot more colour and images have been used in Nandos form whereas Topman have not added any images or colour. On Topmans form the information is given out in bullet points in contrast to Nandos were no bullet points are used. Topman have gave all there information a heading which is more clear to people, Nandos have just gave out different types of information without no heading. Nandos have stated the age they expect the employee to be in contrast to Topman. Comparisons: Both forms have said what they expect from the employee.

Factors affecting Talent Planning Essay

There are many different factors that affect an organisations approach to attracting talent and are both internal and external factors. Some examples of internal factors are the size of a business. A larger business would find it much easier to source this could be because they are more well-known to the public and they would also be more financially able to advertise a post to get a larger range of applicants. Recruitment policies also have an effect ie recruiting from internal sources and external sources can affect the recruitment process. Generally recruitment through internal sources is preferred because own employees know the organisation and can fit well into the culture. The Image of the company has influence on the recruitment process. Good image of the company earned by the actions of management helps attract potential candidates. Managerial actions like good public relations can help earn image. Image of the job also has an affect such as better salaries and good working conditions are considered the characteristics of good image of a job. Also, promotion and personal development policies of an organisation also attract potential candidates. Some examples of external factors are Demographic factors; employees have a big influence on the recruitment process. Demographic factors include, age, sex, literacy, economic status etc. Labour market conditions have an affect ie supply and demand of labour is a huge importance in affecting recruitment process. If the demand is for more than one particular skill recruitment will be relatively easier. Unemployment situation has an effect. When the employment rate in an area is high, the recruitment process tends to be simpler. The number of applications is higher which makes it easier to attract the best qualified applicants. With a low rate of unemployment, recruiting process tends to become more difficult. Labour laws that cover working conditions, compensation, retirement benefits. This report identifies and assess factors that affect an organisations approach to both attracting talent and recruitment and selection. It also identifies and explains benefits of attracting and retaining a diverse workforce, describes methods of recruitment and methods of selection. Factors that affect an organisations approach to attracting talent For an  organisation to attract talent successfully, as part of the talent planning policy it needs to identify and assess what factors affect its approach to attracting talent. For example: 1. Economic Environment – An organisation needs to consider what money is available to spend and this will depend on the current climate at the time. This in turn, will have an effect on how and where the company advertises externally, in addition to the salary and benefits offered. 2. Laws – There are laws that affect the way an organisation attracts talent. For example; the Equality Act 2010 protects again discrimination and affects how the organisation words adverts, application forms, job description, person specifications and questions asked during interviews. Wording must not be discriminative and this can be done by ensuring it does not contain personal prejudice, is not being objective, unfair or showing less favourable treatment for an unlawful reason e.g. Age, gender or disability. 3. Branding – A company with a good reputation, is more likely to successfully attract the right talent to its organisation. To do this, an organisation relies heavily on being perceived as being known as a good employer and needs to take a proactive approach by offering career development, in addition to remuneration and rewards. 4. Culture – The culture of the organisation can be part of what keeps employees engaged and makes the organisation differ positively from competitors. For example, an organisation may be friendly or collaborative – something that new talent†¦

Five Steps to Verifying Online Genealogy Sources

Many newcomers to genealogy research are thrilled when find that many of the names in their family tree are easily available online. Proud of their accomplishment, they then download all the data they can from these Internet sources, import it into their genealogy software and proudly start sharing their genealogy with others. Their research then makes its way into new genealogy databases and collections, further perpetuating the new family tree and amplifying any errors each time the source is copied. While it sounds great, there is one major problem with this scenario; namely that the family information that is freely published in many Internet databases and Web sites is often unsubstantiated and of questionable validity. While useful as a clue or a starting point for further research, the family tree data is sometimes more fiction than fact. Yet, people often treat the information they find as the gospel truth. Thats not to say that all online genealogy information is bad. Just the opposite. The Internet is a great resource for tracing family trees. The trick is to learn how to separate the good online data from the bad. Follow these five steps and you too can use Internet sources to track down reliable information about your ancestors. Step One: Search for the Source Whether its a personal Web page or a subscription genealogy database, all online data should include a list of sources. The key word here is should. You will find many resources that dont. Once you find a record of your great, great grandfather online, however, the first step is to try and locate the source of that information. Look for source citations and references—often noted as footnotes at the bottom of the page, or at the end (last page) of the publicationCheck for notes or commentsClick on the link to about this database when searching a public database (Ancestry.com, Genealogy.com and FamilySearch.com, for example, include sources for most of their databases)Email the contributor of the data, whether it be the compiler of a database or the author of a personal family tree, and politely ask for their source information. Many researchers are wary of publishing source citations online (afraid that others will steal the credit to their hard-earned research), but may be willing to share them with you privately. Step Two: Track Down the Referenced Source Unless the Web site or database includes digital images of the actual source, the next step is to track down the cited source for yourself. If the source of the information is a genealogy or history book, then you may find a library in the associated location has a copy and is willing to provide photocopies for a small fee.If the source is a microfilm record, then its a good bet that the Family History Library has it. To search the FHLs online catalog, click on Library, then Family History Library Catalog. Use place search for the town or county to bring up the librarys records for that locality. Listed records can then be borrowed and viewed through your local Family History Center.If the source is an online database or Web site, then go back to Step #1 and see if you can track down a listed source for that sites information. Step Three: Search for a Possible Source When the database, Web site or contributor doesnt provide the source, its time to turn sleuth. Ask yourself what type of record might have supplied the information you have found. If its an exact date of birth, then the source is most likely a birth certificate or tombstone inscription. If it is an approximate year of birth, then it may have come from a census record or marriage record. Even without a reference, the online data may provide enough clues to time period and/or location to help you find the source yourself. Step Four: Evaluate the Source and Information It Provides While there are a growing number of Internet databases which provide access to scanned images of original documents, the vast majority of genealogy information on the Web comes from derivative sources - records which have been derived (copied, abstracted, transcribed, or summarized) from previously existing, original sources. Understanding the difference between these different types of sources will help you best assess how to verify the information that you find. How close to the original record is your information source? If it is a photocopy, digital copy or microfilm copy of the original source, then it is likely to be a valid representation. Compiled records—including abstracts, transcriptions, indexes, and published family histories—are more likely to have missing information or transcription errors. Information from these types of derivative sources should be further traced back to the original source.Does the data come from primary information? This information, created at or close to the time of the event by someone with personal knowledge of the event (i.e. a birth date provided by the family doctor for the birth certificate), is generally more likely to be accurate. Secondary information, by contrast, is created a significant amount of time after an event occurred, or by a person who was not present at the event (i.e. a birth date listed on a death certificate by the daughter of the deceased). Primary information usual ly carries more weight than secondary information. Step Five: Resolve Conflicts Youve found a birthdate online, checked out the original source and everything looks good. Yet, the date conflicts with other sources youve found for your ancestor. Does this mean that the new data is unreliable? Not necessarily. It just means that you now need to reevaluate each piece of evidence in terms of its likelihood to be accurate, the reason it was created in the first place, and its corroboration with other evidence. How many steps is the data from the original source? A database on Ancestry.com that is derived from a published book, which itself was compiled from original records means that the database on Ancestry is two steps away from the original source. Each additional step increases the likelihood of errors.When was the event recorded? Information recorded closer to the time of the event is more likely to be accurate.Did any time elapse between the event and the creation of the record that relates its details? Family bible entries may have been made at one sitting, rather than at the time of the actual events. A tombstone may have been placed on the grave of an ancestor years after her death. A delayed birth record may have been issued dozens of years after the actual birth.Does the document appear altered in any way? Different handwriting may mean that information was added after the fact. Digital photos may have been edited. Its not a normal occurrence, but it does happen.What do others say about the source? If it is a published book or database rather than an original record, use an Internet search engine to see if anyone else has used or commented on that particular source. This is an especially good way to pinpoint sources which have a large number of errors or inconsistencies. Happy hunting!

The Awakening By Kate Chopin - 1492 Words

The Awakening is a story written by Kate Chopin, which is taking place in the late 18th century at a vacation place called Grand Isle. The story talks about a woman and her â€Å"awakening†. The Awakening is illustrating the female hero’s life, Edna Pontellier, where she is dealing with life problems such as defining what she really wants and what has priority in her life. The hero in The Awakening is Edna Pontellier, a married woman with two children which she does not care much about. Not only that Edna Pontellier does not care much about her children, in addition, she also does not care much about her husband. One day Edna Pontellier woke up and figured out that her freedom as an individual is more important to her than her duties as a wife and mother. Whereby, she developed a crush on another man, Robert Lebrun, and furthermore, she has at the same time an affair with another man, Alcee Arobin, while Robert Lebrun was gone. During the story the reader gets also intr oduced with Edna Pontellier’s friends and guide’s Adele Ratignolle, who is a very carrying woman, who loves her children and her husband, and Mademoiselle Reisz, who is the complete opposite of Adele Ratignolle since she is selfish and very cold to other people besides Edna Pontellier. Both are responsible for Edna’s â€Å"awakening† throughout the story. Already early in the book the reader can see that Edna Pontellier really does not care much about her children. One such example is when Raul, one of her children, hadShow MoreRelatedThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1479 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopin’s controversial novel, The Awakening, ignited turmoil because of her blatant disregard of the established 19th century perspective of women upholding strictly maternal and matrimonial responsibilities. Edna’s candid exploration of the restrictions on women through her liberal behavior in a conservative Victorian society makes her a literary symbol for feminist ideals. Despite denunciation from other people, Edna chooses individuality over conformity through her veering from traditionalRead MoreThe Awakening by Kate Chopin1102 Words   |  5 Pagesveracity of this quote as both find their independence by boldly exceeding the norm. Their stories were fashioned during a period of great change and both characters are hallmarks of the hope and power women were unearthing at the time. The Awakening by Kate Chopin and Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy are novels concerned with the transformation of women’s roles in society. Their protagonists, Tess and Edna, are not outright feminists, but they are acutely aware of the limitations imposed uponRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1919 Words   |  8 PagesIn the novel, The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, we see how much of an importance the men in Edna’s life serve as a purpose to her awakening. Chopin is known to write stories about women who are unsatisfied with their lives while living in a life that is dominated by men. Other than Edna, the main men characters are typical men of the late 19th century era. Chopin shows how these three men are diverse from one another. The Creole men are Là ©once Pontellier, Edna’s husband, Robert, Edna’s mystery man numberRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin901 Words   |  4 Page scandidly. Kate Chopin is honorably amongst this group of authors. Her works divinely portrayed the culture of New Orleans and the lives of Louisiana s Creole and Cajun residents. Chopin openly express her views on sex, marriage, and the injustices of women during the time. Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, best exemplifies the contextual achievement of realism through the rejection of conformity, the exploration of love, and the weight of social opinion on individual choices. The Awakening is publishedRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1222 Words   |  5 Pages The Awakening By: Kate Chopin Emely Maldonado AP LIT Period 3 Topic 3 Maldonado 1 Displacement The late 1800s and the 1900s was a prison for woman’s individuality. During this time period, stereotypical views of women were commenced by society and men. In the era that the novel, The Awakening by Kate Chopin was published, the gender roles were graved in stone, men would work to maintain their family and women would adhere to the house-hold duties. Dissatisfaction with theRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1193 Words   |  5 PagesDavian Hart The Awakening By: Kate Chopin AP Literature Topic 3 Hart 1 Over the course of time the male species has always been the gender to attain the more favorable conditions. Numerous cultures heed to the belief that the man is the provider and head of his family. This machismo nature can condition the mind to believe that a man should feel superior to a woman. The continuous cycle of male superiority flows down from father to son subconsciously. Do to this unceasingRead MoreThe Awakening, By Kate Chopin887 Words   |  4 Pages Feminism has been a term used by many authors and writers for centuries, symbolizing women being able to use freedom the way they want to, not the way others want them to use it. Edna Pontellier, the main character in Kate Chopin’s novel The Awakening, experiences an â€Å"awakening† in her life, where she discovers her position in the universe and goes in this direction instead of what others like her husband Leonce tell her to take, similar to the style of feminism. â€Å"In short, Mrs. Pontellier was beg inningRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1427 Words   |  6 Pagessuffering an imposition (Moderata). Throughout history, the inherent inferiority of women to men has often been cited as a way to deter women from becoming an individual and pursuing more in life. This notion is a prevalent issue in The Awakening by Kate Chopin; in which Edna fights to live her own way and is ultimately unable to survive in the cage of society. Not only has this supposed inferiority effected women for generations, but it has created inequality in our society today; especially inRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1633 Words   |  7 Pages1. Title of text (underline novels/plays) author’s name The Awakening by Kate Chopin 2. Characterization Character Development (a) 1.Edna Pontellier- Edna is the main character of the novel who is married to a businessman. Edna is a dynamic character because at the beginning of the novel, she conforms to society by being the â€Å"perfect† mother and wife; however, Edna suddenly realizes that she is no longer happy with the way she was living her life and began to become independent only for herRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin915 Words   |  4 PagesMany of Kate Chopin’s writings are trademarked by her unique, deliberate word choices. Chopin uses phrases that do not make sense and seem to contradict themselves to get across a point. In two of her stories, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and â€Å"The Awakening,† Chopin’s word usage highlights the idea of self-discovery. â€Å"The Awakening† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† share similar themes. â€Å"The Awakening† is the story of a woman in the late 1800s discovering her apathy for her traditional female role as a wife

Are Arranged Marriages Successful Essay - 2472 Words

Many centuries before and even to this day, love is not the only reason people get married. Although this may seem ridiculous to some people, it is very prevalent in the western world that men and women be joined together through an arranged process by which these couples have no choice (Epstein, Pandit Thakar, 2013). Many times these arrangements are made through the mother and father of the couples who are to be joined together. Sometimes these couples don’t even know each other and their first time meeting is on their wedding day (Bowman Dollahite. 2013). There have been many concerns expressed about this topic due to issues of these couples not being truly happy and forced into a relationship that neither of them may have wanted. There have been various overall trends in the published literature which have all prompted the question â€Å"are arranged marriages successful?†. These articles attempt to find out if couples that are arranged to be married without prior knowledge of each other are as happy/successful as couples who have known each other for longer periods of time and have fallen in love prior to their marriage. Much of this research shows that women who are forced into arranged marriages are extremely anxious about the entire process, while men are excited. This review will not explore spousal violence, but rather the extent to which arranged marriages produce happily married couples. The reason I am reviewing this literature is because I am curious to knowShow MoreRelatedArranged Marriage : The Union Between Two People For Better And Worse1724 Words   |  7 Pages20th October 2014 Arranged marriage Marriage is known as the union between two people for better and worse where they both love and respect each other. So what should be the right definition for arranged marriage? Simply arranged marriage is defined as, a traditional marriage that is arranged by the families of the bride and groom where both of them give their consent to be married. This type of marriage is quite common in Muslim communities, royal families (Diplomatic Marriages) and some countriesRead MoreSex And Physical Attraction Of Marriage And Arranged Marriages Essay857 Words   |  4 Pagescouples which were of love marriages and arranged. In today’s westernized nations it’s uncommon to see arranged marriages. However, in my experience, I’ll discuss some of the common themes I’ve seen involved in both which played a huge part in their success or failure. The common themes are arranged in on specific order: - Parents - Age - Emotion - Religion - Experience - Money - Culture Ethnicity - Sex physical attraction - Children - Divorce 1. Arranged Marriages. a. Parents will be theRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare1026 Words   |  5 Pagestime arranged marriages were the norm in several societies. In the comedy, A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare, Hermia is in love with Lysander, but her father wants her to marry Demetrius. She escapes into the woods with Lysander. Just like Hermia, many people around the world are forced to marry someone that their parents choose for them. Love marriage vs. Arranged marriage is always a debated topic. While there are instances of love marriages working out, there are arranged marriagesRead MoreMarriage And Arranged Marriage1314 Words   |  6 PagesAn arranged marriage can be defined as â€Å"the arrangement of a marriage exclusively by a third party or by a joint venture of the third party and the child/person getting married† (Bowman and Dollahite, 2013). Most marriages in the world are arranged by parents or matchmakers and in many cultures in the non-Western world, love is believed not to be a requirement for marriage (Epstein, Pandit, Thakar, 2013). In some of these cultures, arranged marriages are not only accepted, but are considered aRead MoreLove Marriage vs Arranged Marriage!635 Words   |  3 Pagesplayed a vital role in changing the perception of the Indian mind. Love marriage is supposed to provide freedom and more independence as compared to arranged marriages where the girl/boy is chosen by the parents. The usual question of love marriage voters against arranged one is that how can anyone marry the person whom they don’t know? Amid popular love lore like Soni Mahiwal, India always had a long tradition of arranged marriages. With the advent of the British and the subsequent introduction ofRead MoreArranged Marriages And Love Marriages1617 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 1A 5 May 2015 Arranged Marriage: In the broadest sense, marriages have been divided into two general categories; arranged marriages and love marriages. As the name implies, an arranged marriage is defined as a marriage where the bride and groom are exclusively selected by a third party (usually their parents), while in a love marriage, people choose their marital partners based on their feelings or attraction for one another. In America and Western Europe, marriages based on love, have dominatedRead MoreEssay On Arranged Marriage1094 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Æ' An arranged marriage is a commitment involving two people agreed upon by other individuals, typically both sets of parents. This is not to be confused with a forced marriage, where the parents put together an arrangement involving their kids, without them having a say in it. In Anjula Razdan’s â€Å"What’s Love got to do with it?† she discusses the reasons on why our methods of seeking a partner do not work; this includes focusing on our emotions and pleasures, which often result in divorce. FurthermoreRead MoreArranged Marriages Essay example858 Words   |  4 PagesArranged Marriages We are all familiar with the story: boy meets girl, boy falls in love with girl, boy and girl get married. For the majority of the western world, this is our ideal image of a great beginning to a perfect marriage. But it is important to realize that while India is very modernized in some aspects, they still keep to the tradition of arranged marriages. Marriages formed out of love AKA love marriages do happen in India but it is not the norm. It isRead MoreMarriage Is A Fundamental And Vital Establishment1467 Words   |  6 PagesMarriage is a fundamental and vital establishment across the large majority of cultures and societies around the world. An arranged marriage typically refers to a circumstance in which primarily someone other than the partners themselves chooses marriage spouses. These other persons are normally the parents, but they may also be another kin. It is a merging of not only two people, but of two families through the process of agreement as well. Nevertheless, arranged marriages are an intricate subjectRead MoreIslamic Ideas on Arranged Marriages1887 Words   |  7 Pages Marriage is an institute commemorated in most parts of the world. Unlike western societies, where love is a precondition to marriage, in many other parts of the world it is still not a requirement. A popular saying among these traditional cultures is first comes marriage, and then comes love. The Islamic community is one of the many cultures that embrace arranged marriages. Until very recently, research on Islamic marriage and family formation have been sparse. Raeann Hamon summarizes this absence

A Behavioral Theory of the Organizational - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Behavioral Theory of the Organizational. Answer: Theories of Organizational Behavior for improving the Productive Performance of the Employees Organizational behavior is the study in which people interacts with different individuals. Organizational behavior helps to enhance the efficiency of the work. It is one of the scientific approaches that are applied to manage the performance of the workers. Organizational behavior theories are taken into consideration for human resource purposes so that production level can be maximized. There are many theories and philosophies related to organizational behavior. In this report, the focus will be given to job performance, increasing the satisfaction level of job, promoting innovation, encouraging leadership. In order to attain a positive outcome, the managers should give emphasis to adopt different tactics that consist of reorganizing groups, compensation structures and changing the way of performance evaluation. Organization behavior brings change in the behavior with the object to enhance the performance of the employees and the organization (Cummings and Worley, 2014). Leader's gives focus on enhancing the productivity of the company by offering many advantages to the employees. Leaders should give their best to motivate the employees of the organization. If employees are motivated to work efficiently then it can be easy to accomplish goals and objectives of the organization. It is evaluated that leaders consider the organizational behavioral theories so that the performance and productivity level of the workers can be increased (Cyert and March, 2015).It is essential for the employees to have proper knowledge of the activities so that they can complete it without any doubt and in less time. Profitability can only be attained if the organization has efficient employees to conduct the activities. Also in this report, the evaluation will be made of the impact of organizational behavior theories on the performance level of the employees and how leaders can consider the activities of the organization (Burke, 2017). It is evaluated that leaders consider many organizational behavior theories so that the activities can be conducted smoothly. If the workers are not dedicated towards the work, then it will difficult to accomplish goals and objectives efficiently. The competition level is increasing day by day and direct impact is seen on the growth of the company (Wagner and Hollenbeck, 2014). In the recent scenario, it is important to satisfy the customers, so that growth can be attained. The customers will only be satisfied when the employees work with dedication and efficiency. If the emphasis is given on digitalization it is seen that competition level is increasing day by day (Men, 2014).It is important for the companies focus on increasing the productivity and performance level of the employees. If the organizational theories are considered by the organization then it can be possible to attain profitability in an effective manner. Leaders of the company take into consideration various activities that are related to the performance of the employees like motivation and designing of jobs. Designing of a job is one of the processes of assigning a task to the worker so that proper relationship can be maintained between the management and the employees. The results that are attained gives an increase in the overall quality of the products and services (Maslow, 2015). To encourage productive performance from employees it is essential to give proper focus on designing of jobs. If the jobs are designed properly then it can be easy for the organization to attain goals. It is seen that most important factor in the workplace is pay. The salary given to the employees plays a great role to increase the productivity and performance level of the employees. Job designing gives impact on employee motivation, job satisfaction and also reduces absenteeism. It is important to design jobs in such a way that helps the employees to become more productive and more satisfied. Herzberg's two-factor theory is one of the theories that help the leaders to evaluate the employees in an effective manner (Leder, Newsham, Veitch, Mancini and Charles, 2016). When the jobs are designed this theory assists to analyze the satisfaction level of the employees with their assigned positions. This theory is concerned with various factors in the companies that increase the job satisfaction or decrease the job satisfaction of the workers. One of the factors of Herzberg's theory is motivator factor that leads to satisfaction and helps to motivate employees to work harder. For examples: The employees can enjoy working in the organization (Yusoff, Kian, and Idris, 2013).The second factor is related to the hygiene factors that can give dissatisfaction to the employees if proper salary is not given to the employees. To attain productive performance it is important for the organization to work on improving both motivator and hygiene factors. To motivate the employees it is important to make appreciated and supportive. The employees should be given gentle feedback and it is essential to make sure that how they can grow and progress by conducting the activities of the organization (Pinder, 2014). Working conditions also play a great role to encourage productive performance from employees. If there is proper working environment and conditions then it can be easy to conduct the activities of the organization. Another theory is the personality-job fit theory that assists the workers of the companies to achieve high satisfaction level from the activities. The leaders should give emphasis at the time of various organizational processes like job designing so that the job requirements can be matched with the employee's personality. If the job is according to the personality of the employees, the efficiency can be also increased. Organizations should also focus on giving proper training to the employees so that they can gain knowledge of the activities conducted by the organization. Employees are considered as an asset to the organization, so it is important to set goals by evaluating the working pattern of the employees. The companies should also allow the employees to share their views by giving feedback. If they are not able to share their views or give feedback, then it can lead to increase in the dissatisfaction of the employees. It is also important to focus on motivation and reward methods so that the efficiency of the employees can be enhanced (Miner, 2015). Motivation is one of the important factors that encourage the employees to enhance the employee's productive performance. The leaders should consider reward theories so that motivation can be given to the workers. "Maslow's hierarchy of needs" is a theory that gives focus to fulfill the needs and requirements of the employees. In this theory the hierarchy consists of 5 levels like physiological, safety, belonging, esteem and self-actualization need. Low-level employees give more focus on physic logical, safety needs and belonging needs. The top management gives more focus on esteem and self-actualization needs. If these basic necessities are not considered by the organization then it can give negative impact on the performance and productivity level of the employees (Zeb, Rehman, Saeed and Ullah, 2014). To motivate the employees of the organization this theory should be considered so that organization can conduct the activities in a smooth way. So, to improve overall performance and productivity level the organization should also give emphasis on offering flexible working so that the employees can spend time with their families and work and personal life can be maintained effectively. Also, the company should give emphasis on giving equal wages to help them feel financially stable (Ozguner, 2014). Next theory is related to goal setting theory in which the assistance is given to the managers so that employees can be encouraged to perform according to the organization goals and objectives. There are managers and leaders who find difficulties at the time of setting goals for the employees. If the goals are not achieved it can give negative impact on the performance of the employees. This theory helps to set SMART' goals so that the employees can attain profitability. The goals that are set by the organization should be communicated effectively to the employees so that they can conduct the activities accordingly. There should be proper management of activities in the organization so that the goals and objectives cannot be affected. So, it is essential for the leaders to focus on the goals and objectives of the firm so that the activities can be conducted efficiently. The jobs should be designed in such a manner that organizational goals and objectives cannot be affected and the employees also feel satisfied with the policies and procedures of the organization. The working condition should also be according to the employees so that positive outcome can be attained by employees. Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory should be considered so that proper motivation can be given to the employees. If the employees of the organization are motivated then it can be easy to encourage productive performance. The managers should have proper information of each and every employee so that activities can be assigned according to the working capacity of the employees. Efficient and dedicated employees can help the organization to attain profitability and growth. References Burke, W.W., 2017.Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Cyert, R.M. and March, J.G., 2015. A behavioral theory of the firm.Organizational Behavior,2, pp.60-77. Leder, S., Newsham, G.R., Veitch, J.A., Mancini, S. and Charles, K.E., 2016. Effects of office environment on employee satisfaction: a new analysis.Building Research Information,44(1), pp.34-50. Maslow, A.H., 2015. A theory of human motivation.Classics of Organization Theory,50, p.142. Men, L.R., 2014. Strategic internal communication: Transformational leadership, communication channels, and employee satisfaction. 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